Microscopy deep learning can identify viral infections

When viruses infect cells, changes in the cell nucleus occur. Using fluorescence images from live cells, researchers at the University of Zurich (UZH) have trained an artificial neural network to recognise cells that are infected by adenoviruses or herpes viruses; the procedure also identifies severe acute infections at an early stage.

In humans, adenoviruses can infect the cells of the respiratory tract, while herpes viruses can infect those of the skin and nervous system. In most cases, this does not lead to the production of new virus particles, as the viruses are suppressed by the immune system. However, adenoviruses and herpes viruses can cause persistent infections that the immune system is unable to completely suppress and that produce viral particles for years. These same viruses can also cause sudden, violent infections where affected cells release large amounts of viruses, such that the infection spreads rapidly. This can lead to serious acute diseases of the lungs or nervous system.

The research group of UZH Professor Urs Greber has now shown that a machine-learning algorithm can recognise the cells infected with herpes or adenoviruses based solely on the fluorescence of the cell nucleus. Published in the journal iScience, their analysis method is based on combining fluorescence microscopy in living cells with deep-learning processes.

The herpes and adenoviruses formed inside an infected cell change the organisation of the nucleus, and these changes can be observed under a microscope. The group developed a deep-learning algorithm — an artificial neural network — to automatically detect these changes. The network is trained with a large set of microscopy images through which it learns to identify patterns that are characteristic of infected or uninfected cells. Images of living cells from lytic infections, in which the virus particles multiply rapidly and the cells dissolve, as well as images of persistent infections, in which viruses are produced continuously but only in small quantities, served as training material.

“After training and validation are complete, the neural network automatically detects virus-infected cells,” Prof Greber explained.

The research team has demonstrated that the algorithm is capable of identifying acute and severe infections with 95% accuracy and up to 24 hours in advance, though it is not yet clear which features of infected cell nuclei are recognised by the artificial neural network to distinguish the two phases of infection. However, even without this knowledge, the researchers are now able to study the biology of infected cells in greater detail.

The study authors believe that their development has many applications — including predicting how human cells react to other viruses or microorganisms. According to Prof Greber, “The method opens up new ways to better understand infections and to discover new active agents against pathogens such as viruses or bacteria.”

The group has already discovered that the internal pressure of the nucleus is greater during virulent infections than during persistent phases. Furthermore, in a cell with lytic infection, viral proteins accumulate more rapidly in the nucleus.

“We suspect that distinct cellular processes determine whether or not a cell disintegrates after it is infected,” Prof Greber said. “We can now investigate these and other questions.”

Image credit: ©stock.adobe.com/au/Kateryna_Kon

Please follow us and share on Twitter and Facebook. You can also subscribe for FREE to our weekly newsletters and bimonthly magazine.