Wooden surfaces appear to have antiviral properties

Viruses can get passed from person to person via contaminated surfaces — but can some surfaces reduce the risk of this type of transmission without the help of household disinfectants? According to a new study from Finnish researchers, wood has natural antiviral properties that can reduce the time viruses persist on its surface — and some species of wood are more effective than others at reducing infectivity.

Enveloped viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, can live up to five days on surfaces. Non-enveloped viruses, including enteroviruses linked to the common cold, can live for weeks, in some cases even if the surfaces are disinfected. Previous studies have shown that wood has antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it an ideal material for cutting boards. However, wood’s ability to inactivate viruses has yet to be explored, which is what the researchers at the University of Jyväskylä and the University of Eastern Finland set out to study.

The researchers looked at how long enveloped and non-enveloped viruses remained infectious on the surface of six types of wood: Scots pine, silver birch, grey alder, eucalyptus, English oak and Norway spruce. To determine viral activity, they flushed a wood sample’s surface with a liquid solution at different time points and then placed that solution in a petri dish that contained cultured cells. After incubating the cells with the solution, they measured the number (if any) infected with the virus.

Results from their demonstrations with an enveloped coronavirus showed that pine, spruce, birch and alder need one hour to completely reduce the ability of viruses to infect cells, with eucalyptus and oak needing two hours. Pine had the fastest onset of antiviral activity, beginning after five minutes. Spruce came in second, showing a sharp drop in infectivity after 10 minutes.

For a non-enveloped enterovirus, the researchers found that incubation on oak and spruce surfaces resulted in a loss of infectivity within about an hour, with oak having an onset time of 7.5 minutes and spruce after 60 minutes. Pine, birch and eucalyptus reduced virus infectivity after four hours, and alder showed no antiviral effect.

Based on their study data, which was reported in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, the researchers concluded that the chemical composition of a wood’s surface is primarily responsible for its antiviral functionality. While determining the exact chemical mechanisms responsible for viral inactivation will require further study, they say their findings point to wood as a promising potential candidate for sustainable, natural antiviral materials.

Image credit: iStock.com/Liudmila Chernetska