Pig hearts kept alive outside the body for 24 hours

A major hurdle for human heart transplantation is the limited storage time of the donor heart outside the body, which is currently only routinely possible for six hours. US scientists have now tested new preservation methods to keep pig hearts routinely alive outside the body for at least 24 hours, which would constitute a significant improvement to clinical practice if successfully extended to humans.

More than 5000 hearts are transplanted worldwide every year, but this number is far from enough to give a new heart to everyone who needs one — there are up to 50,000 people needing a heart at any time, with many candidates waiting for years. This is partially due to the low availability of suitable donor hearts, as there is a very short time window for transplantation once the heart is removed from the deceased donor.

The current ‘gold standard’ for preserving donor hearts is cold static storage (CSS), where hearts are kept on ice until transplantation. Transplantation is most successful when CSS lasts less than six hours, before the heart or its blood vessels undergo damage. Periods up to 12 hours are sometimes possible but require mechanical life support such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for several days on the recipient. Now, researchers at the University of Michigan Medical School have shown it is possible to keep transplanted pig hearts alive outside the body for more than 24 hours using a process called normothermic ex-vivo heart perfusion (NEHP).

Keep it pumping

NEHP means that hearts, once removed from their donor, are kept in a partly physiological state at room temperature by pumping oxygenated, nutrient-rich fluid (‘perfusate’) derived from blood plasma through them until transplantation. Drugs and tissue-repairing stem cells can be delivered to the heart through the perfusate. Currently, the only variant of NEHP approved for clinical use by the US FDA is Transmedics-OCS, which like CSS is limited to six hours.

Over the past seven years, Michigan’s Extracorporeal Life Support Laboratory has worked on steadily extending the shelf life of donor hearts through improvements to NEHP. Their previous experiments have shown that a critical step is to filter the perfusate to remove all molecules smaller than 26 kilodalton. Without this, hearts quickly become unusable for transplantation.

In their latest research, published in Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Laboratory Head Dr Robert Bartlett and his colleagues kept the hearts of 30 immature and 10 juvenile pigs alive for various periods with experimental variants of NEHP. For example, the perfusate for all donor hearts was a solution of blood plasma and packed red blood cells (from additional healthy pigs), electrolytes, glucose and antibiotics. The perfusate was pumped through the heart at a mean rate of 0.7 mL per minute per gram heart weight, and replaced every 60 minutes.

The researchers then compared the effects between three variants: NEHP with haemofiltration to continuously purify the perfusate and remove toxins (10 immature pig hearts); NEHP where the plasma component in the perfusate was exchanged continuously (five immature hearts); and control NEHP without modifications (15 immature hearts). To test these methods on larger hearts, they also used NEPH with haemofiltration on five hearts from juvenile pigs, and NEPH with an additional modification (intermittent left atrial perfusion or iLA) on a further seven hearts from juveniles, to monitor heart function. In iLA, a fixed volume of blood is injected into the left atrium at regular intervals, to test its continued power to eject this blood.

The authors monitored the health of the preserved hearts in real time by visually checking its contractility, rhythm, colour and oedema (fluid retention), and by measuring the concentration of lactate (a by-product of cellular damage) every hour. Each heart was maintained until it went into asystole or arrhythmia, showed minimal systolic blood pressure in the left ventricle or showed elevated lactate concentrations for at least two hours.

Strong improvements

All control hearts died between 10 and 24 hours after removal from the donor, while all hearts that had been maintained with modifications to standard NEPH survived for the full 24 hours. The authors concluded that haemofiltration, plasma exchange and iLA are major improvements that enable the routine preservation of hearts to beyond one day. Which of the latter three methods is better can’t be answered yet.

“I think the major difference will be when we extend our experiments beyond 24 hours, where perhaps plasma exchange is better as larger toxins can be removed,” Bartlett said. “iLA also seems a major improvement, as in principle it would allow NEPH to be used on hearts that have suffered injuries or have borderline function in the donor.”

According to corresponding author Dr Alvaro Rojas-Pena, the work could increase the donor pool in a number of ways. “First, by extending the preservation time, thus overcoming limitations due to logistics. Second, by giving an objective assessment of the viability of each potential donor heart, to reduce the number that currently aren’t used when it’s not clear how well they function inside the donor.

“The major challenge for clinical application will be the validation of the methods in humans. To this end, we have started to work with human hearts rejected for transplantation.”

Image credit: iStock.com/isayildiz