Disposition for risk-taking can be found in the brain

The genetic disposition for risk-taking is mapped in several areas of the brain, according to an international research team. Published in the journal Nature Human Behaviour, their study combines genetic information and brain scans from more than 25,000 people.

Risky behaviours such as smoking, alcohol and drug use, speeding, or frequently changing sexual partners result in enormous health and economic consequences alone. In order to define measures that could reduce these costs, a better understanding of the basis and mechanisms of risk-taking is needed.

University of Zurich (UZH) neuro-economists Gökhan Aydogan, Todd Hare and Christian Ruff, together with researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, looked at the genetic characteristics that correlate with risk-taking behaviour. Using a representative sample of 25,000 people, the researchers examined the relationship between individual differences in brain anatomy and the propensity to engage in risky behaviour. According to Aydogan, “We found both functional and anatomical differences.”

Specific characteristics were found in several areas of the brain: in the hypothalamus, where the release of hormones (such as orexin, oxytocin and dopamine) controls the vegetative functions of the body; in the hippocampus, which is essential for storing memories; in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which plays an important role in self-control and cognitive deliberation; in the amygdala, which controls, among other things, the emotional reaction to danger; and in the ventral striatum, which is activated when processing rewards.

The researchers were surprised by the measurable anatomical differences they discovered in the cerebellum, an area that is not usually included in studies of risk behaviours on the assumption that it is mainly involved in fine motor functions. In recent years, however, significant doubts have been raised about this hypothesis — doubts which are now backed by the current study.

“It appears that the cerebellum does after all play an important role in decision-making processes such as risk-taking behaviour,” said Aydogan. “In the brains of more risk-tolerant individuals, we found less grey matter in these areas. How this grey matter affects behaviour, however, still needs to be studied further.”

This is said to be the first time that the foundations of risk-taking behaviour have been investigated with such a large and representative sample. It is also the first study to examine possible influencing factors — genetic predisposition and differences in anatomy and function of brain areas — in combination rather than in isolation.

At present, it is still unclear to what extent the connection between genetic disposition and neurobiological expression is causal. According to Aydogan, “How exactly the interplay of environment and genes determines risk-taking requires further research.”

Image credit: ©stock.adobe.com/au/Sergey Nivens

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