Fatty acid supplements improve vision in preterm babies

Preterm babies given a supplement with a combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have better visual function by the age of two and a half, according to a new study by the University of Gothenburg.

The study, published in The Lancet Regional Health – Europe, covers 178 extremely preterm babies at the neonatal units of the university hospitals in Gothenburg, Lund and Stockholm between 2016 and 2019. Extremely preterm babies are those born before the 28th week of pregnancy.

Around half of the children were given preventive oral nutritional supplements containing the omega-6 fatty acid AA (arachidonic acid) and the omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Neither AA nor DHA are included in the supplements that are currently routinely given to extremely preterm babies immediately after birth.

The researchers have previously found that the combination supplement led to the risk of contracting the sight-threatening eye disease ROP (retinopathy of prematurity) being halved. The current study looks at children’s visual development at two and a half years of corrected age (ie, age from the estimated date of birth).

“The study shows that children who have received the combination supplement had improved visual function, regardless of whether or not they had previously had ROP,” said first author Pia Lundgren, an associate professor at the University of Gothenburg’s Sahlgrenska Academy and a chief physician at Sahlgrenska University Hospital.

“The improved visual development was thus not only due to the beneficial effect on the retina. The supplement also seems to have improved the brain’s ability to interpret visual impressions.”

The issue of nutrition and supplementation for extremely preterm babies is a highly topical issue within neonatal care in many parts of the world. Sweden currently lacks precise guidelines for administering fatty acid supplements to extremely preterm children, but the guidelines are now being revised — partly on the basis of the current findings.

“Importantly, we can now demonstrate the positive effects that the combination supplement appears to have on visual development when the child is older,” Lundgren said. “In the continued studies — on the same group of children — we will also look more closely at cognitive and neurological development, which will be particularly interesting.”

Image caption: A premature baby is being screened for the sight-threatening eye disease ROP at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. Image credit: Ann-Sofie Petersson.