Inherited gene mutation raises pancreatic cancer risk

US scientists studying a highly cancer-prone family have identified a rare, inherited gene mutation that dramatically raises the lifetime risk of pancreatic and other cancers.

The discovery of the previously unknown mutation, reported in the journal Nature Genetics by investigators from Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, could lead to routine testing of individuals with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer to determine if they carry the mutation, occurring in the gene known as RABL3. If so, they could be screened to detect pancreatic cancer in an earlier, potentially more treatable stage.

About 10% of pancreatic cancers have a familial pattern, and in most cases the causative genetic flaw isn’t known, although some mutations have been identified. One inherited mutation that can predispose individuals to pancreatic cancer occurs in the gene BRCA2, the gene also known to cause some breast and ovarian cancers. The newly identified mutation in the gene RABL3 similarly increases the likelihood that cancer will develop during the person’s lifetime.

The RABL3 mutation was pinpointed when scientists studied a family in which there were five relatives with pancreatic cancer and multiple family members with other cancers — a pattern suggesting an inherited mutation causing predisposition to developing cancer. The analysis included sequencing the DNA of one family member, who developed pancreatic cancer at age 48, and that of her paternal uncle, who was diagnosed with it at age 80. The RABL3 mutation was also found in several other family members who developed cancer and in one family member who has not been diagnosed with cancer.

Confirming that a new genetic mutation causes cancer by epidemiological approaches often requires many years of searching for similar families around the world, so the scientists turned to the zebrafish model instead. By recapitulating the genetic mutation in large zebrafish populations, the team could perform rapid epidemiological studies in this animal model to assess the impact of the mutation on cancer risk. Indeed, similar to individuals in the patient family, zebrafish carrying the RABL3 mutation had dramatically higher rates of cancer.

In contrast to ‘somatic’ genetic mutations that occur during a lifetime and can cause cells to turn malignant, the mutation in RABL3 is a cancer susceptibility gene mutation that an individual is born with and that increases the risk of cancer developing later in life. Specifically, the researchers said the RABL3 mutation accelerates the movement of a known pancreatic cancer protein, KRAS, within the cell. This alteration facilitates the placement of KRAS in the cell membrane and triggers a series of events that promote cancerous growth. Because KRAS activity is altered in a majority of pancreatic cancers, continued study of the RABL3 mutation’s impact on KRAS activity could provide important insights about pancreatic cancer development as well as a new strategy for targeted therapy, the scientists said.

The researchers emphasised that the RABL3 mutation is rare in the general population but said that testing for it — and potentially other mutations in the RABL3 gene — may reveal the genetic predisposition in other families with an unsolved hereditary cancer syndrome. Identifying a mutation in these families would help guide which relatives should consider pancreatic cancer screening.

“While testing for this specific genetic mutation is not available on current commercial genetic testing panels, we anticipate that the commercial tests will incorporate mutations in this gene in future panels,” said first author Dr Sahar Nissim, a cancer geneticist and gastroenterologist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “We anticipate that testing for this genetic mutation will be recommended in any individual with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer.”

Image credit: ©stock.adobe.com/au/magicmine

Please follow us and share on Twitter and Facebook. You can also subscribe for FREE to our weekly newsletters and bimonthly magazine.