mRNA successfully delivered through blood–brain barrier

Scientists at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have developed a lipid nanoparticle system capable of delivering messenger RNA (mRNA) to the brain via intravenous injection — a challenge that has long been limited by the protective nature of the blood–brain barrier. Their findings, in mouse models and isolated human brain tissue, have been published in the journal Nature Materials.

The blood–brain barrier serves as a protective shield, preventing many substances — including potentially beneficial therapies — from reaching the brain. While previous research from Mount Sinai introduced a platform for transporting large biomolecules such as proteins and oligonucleotides into the central nervous system, this new study focuses on using specially designed lipid nanoparticles to transport mRNA across the barrier. Getting mRNA into the brain could allow scientists to instruct brain cells to produce therapeutic proteins that can help treat or prevent disease by replacing missing proteins, reducing harmful ones or activating the body’s defences.

“Our study shows that these blood–brain barrier-crossing lipid nanoparticles (BLNPs) can safely and efficiently deliver mRNA into the brain,” said co-corresponding senior author Professor Yizhou Dong. “This could open up opportunities to use mRNA-based therapies for a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.”

The research team designed and tested a library of lipids to optimise their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Through a series of structural and functional analyses, they identified a lead formulation, termed MK16 BLNP, that exhibited significantly higher mRNA delivery efficiency than existing lipid nanoparticles approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This system takes advantage of natural transport mechanisms within the blood–brain barrier, including caveolae- and γ-secretase-mediated transcytosis, to move nanoparticles across the barrier.

In studies using mouse models of disease, the BLNP platform successfully delivered therapeutic mRNAs to the brain, demonstrating its potential for clinical application. This could include future treatments for a wide range of conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain cancer and drug addiction.

“Our lipid nanoparticle system represents an important step in the effort to develop mRNA-based treatments for central nervous system disorders,” Dong said. “The study provides proof of concept that such an approach is viable and could be adapted for a range of diseases where gene therapy or mRNA therapeutics might play a role.”

The researchers noted that additional studies are needed to assess long-term safety and efficacy, including toxicology studies in accordance with FDA guidelines. Future research will focus on refining the technology for clinical translation.

“Our findings highlight the potential of lipid nanoparticles in overcoming one of the major challenges in treating brain diseases,” said co-corresponding senior author Professor Eric J Nestler, Chief Scientific Officer of the Mount Sinai Health System. “We are very excited to continue evaluating this novel platform for broader therapeutic applications.”

Image credit: iStock.com/Ihor Lukianenko