Human 'pangenome' reflects global human diversity

Twenty years ago, scientists announced the first (nearly) complete sequencing of the human genome — what was considered at the time to be the fundamental blueprint for all humans.

The Human Genome Project aimed to map the entire genome in an effort to accelerate the diagnosis and eventual treatment of common and rare diseases.

Now, Eimear Kenny, PhD, a Professor of Medicine, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, is one of a group of elite scientists worldwide whose contributions have led to the creation of the new human ‘pangenome’ reference, a collection of genome sequences that captures significantly more human diversity.

Details on these novel developments were described in several recently published Nature papers*. The work was led by the international Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, a group funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), part of the National Institutes of Health. Kenny is a Principal Investigator and lead scientist of the consortium.

In the case of humans, any two peoples’ genomes are, on average, more than 99% identical. The small differences contribute to each person’s uniqueness and can provide insights about their health, helping to diagnose disease, predict outcomes and guide medical treatments.

“We have had a single human reference for the past 20 years, and this genome reference has been extraordinarily powerful. It is a resource that has driven the sequencing of the genomes of tens or hundreds of millions of humans on the planet,” Kenny said.

“However, it is limited in that most of the reference sequence only represents one person on the planet, so when you have rarer sequences or only in certain people, they are not represented. Therefore, we needed to really think about how to update the human reference and make it much more representative of diverse humans all over the world, which is what we have now done.”

The new pangenome reference includes genome sequences of 47 people, and the researchers aim to increase that number to 350 by mid-2024. Because each person carries a paired set of chromosomes, the current reference includes 94 distinct genome sequences, with a goal of reaching 700 distinct genome sequences by the completion of the project.

“Basic researchers and clinicians who use genomics need access to a reference sequence that reflects the remarkable diversity of the human population. This will help make the reference useful for all people, thereby helping to reduce the chances of propagating health disparities,” said Eric Green, MD, PhD, NHGRI Director.

“Creating and enhancing a human pangenome reference aligns with NHGRI’s goal of striving for global diversity in all aspects of genomics research, which is crucial to advance genomic knowledge and implement genomic medicine in an equitable way.”

Kenny, who is also Founding Director of the Institute for Genomic Health at Icahn Mount Sinai, leads research at the interface of genomics, medicine and computer science to accelerate the use of genomics information in routine clinical care to improve human health.

She uses machine learning approaches and massive-scale databases of genomic information for discovery of novel genetic variants impacting disease risk. She also oversees large clinical trials in implementing genomic medicine in diverse populations.

“Across many individuals, my role in this consortium was to contribute to this international scientific effort, and, in particular, help select the genomes that make up the new pangenome reference so that this resource would best benefit many people around the planet,” she said.

Kenny co-led a team using population genetics approaches, community engagement and outreach to include genomes from diverse populations in the pangenome. This will help address issues of underrepresentation and bias in genomics research, and can improve the accuracy and generalisability of research findings across different populations.

The Human Genome Project completed in 2003 covered about 92% of the total human genome sequence. Recent technological advances such as long-read DNA sequencing, which reads longer stretches of the DNA at a time, helped researchers fill in those gaps to create the first complete human genome sequence. The developments were reported in a set of six papers in the 1 April 2022 issue of Science, along with companion papers published in several other journals. These findings were incorporated into the current pangenome reference.

Importantly, knowing these variants better, Kenny said, will help elucidate which genes are truly rare or whether they may just be more common in certain parts of the world.

“The other significant aspect is that we are really trying to make a resource that is truly working toward global representativeness. We need to have a path toward recognising that humans everywhere on the planet need resources available to them that best work for them,” Kenny said.

^{*Nature papers as follows:}

^{Liao et al: A draft human pangenome reference.}

^{Vollger et al: Increased mutation rate and gene conversion within human segmental duplications.}

^{Guarracino et al: Recombination between heterologous human acrocentric chromosomes.}

^{Hickey et al: Pangenome graph construction from genome alignment with minigraph-cactus.}

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