tRNA biomarkers used for cancer diagnosis and prognosis

Many diseases, including cancer, have specific modifications in their transfer RNA molecules, key components of protein synthesis. Spanish researchers have now developed a new method to measure tRNA abundances and their modifications in a simple, cost-effective manner, publishing their proof-of-concept findings in the journal Nature Biotechnology.

RNA molecules are present in all living cells, with different types of RNA having different jobs. For example, messenger RNA is copied from DNA and carries instructions on how to make a protein. Transfer RNA (tRNA) links the mRNA sequence with its corresponding amino acid, ensuring that proteins are stitched together correctly as instructed by DNA.

Cells naturally modify RNA molecules in order to enhance their stability, structure and function. When this modification process goes wrong, it can have important consequences for human health and disease. In the case of tRNA, incorrect or missing modifications produce faulty or incomplete proteins, with the dysregulation of tRNA modifications being linked to various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases and cancer.

tRNAs are ‘information-rich’ molecules with huge potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, but so far haven’t been exploited for such purpose due to the lack of methods that can capture this information in a quantitative and cost-efficient manner. For example, some types of cancers are difficult to diagnose because their symptoms are non-specific and can be confused with other conditions. At the same time, certain tRNA modification profiles are only known to exist in specific cancer types and can serve as highly specific biomarkers.

Being able to isolate tRNA molecules from blood samples and quantify their modifications can help diagnose cancers without the use of imaging tests or invasive biopsies. Furthermore, the type of tRNA modifications can change depending on the state of the disease, providing valuable information about the prognosis of the condition.

Current methods for measuring tRNA molecules typically involve techniques such as next-generation sequencing or mass spectrometry; however, these methods have limited use for diagnostic purposes because they are either unable to detect modifications or they cannot identify the locations where they are occurring. Researchers at the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona have addressed this challenge by developing a new method, called Nano-tRNAseq, which can measure both the abundance and modification of tRNA molecules in a single step.

Nano-tRNAseq is based on nanopore sequencing, a technology that can directly sequence individual RNA molecules by passing them through a small pore. Each of the nucleotides that compose an RNA molecule has a slightly different size and shape, with a corresponding change in the electrical current that occurs as each nucleotide passes through the pore. Computer programs detect changes in the current to identify the sequence of the RNA molecules, including any modifications. As a proof of concept, the researchers used Nano-tRNAseq to accurately measure tRNA abundances and modifications in samples taken from yeast cells exposed to different environmental conditions.

“For the first time, we can study both tRNA abundance and tRNA modification profiles simultaneously,” said PhD candidate Morghan Lucas, first author of the study. “As a bonus, the method is rapid, cost-effective, high-throughput and has single-molecule resolution.

“Previously, we relied on two separate methods that, together, are less informative, and it would take weeks and cost thousands of euros to obtain results. Nano-tRNAseq is a fraction of the cost, and we can have results within a couple of days, and in the near future, within a few hours.”

The rapid data analysis enabled by the method is critical for clinical decision-making. Another advantage is that the nanopore sequencing machines required for the technique are small, lightweight and can be powered by a laptop or portable battery, making them easy to transport to remote locations and enable use in the field or the clinic. There are, however, still some limitations to the new method, such as the inability to predict which tRNA modification is dysregulated in a given sample unless the precise modifications found in that tRNA have been previously identified using other experimental methods.

“While tRNA modification profiles of lower eukaryotic species, such as yeast, are well characterised, this is not the case for humans,” Lucas said. “By using Nano-tRNAseq in parallel with other methods, we can describe the modification profiles of the complete set of human tRNAs and, in the future, use Nano-tRNAseq to identify which changes in tRNAs are associated with a given human disease.”

The method was developed by Dr Eva Novoa’s research group at the CGR. With funding from the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC), the team is now using their method to build a novel kit and platform that will be able to determine whether a biological sample is cancerous.

“tRNA molecules can be cleaved into small but stable RNA fragments which circulate in blood plasma. These molecules are typically altered in cancer patients and are hugely information-rich for diagnostic and prognostic purposes,” Novoa said.

“Nano-tRNAseq is a proof-of-concept technology that paves the way for the development of a simple, cost-effective and highly precise method that can quantify these molecules in a non-invasive manner. Our aim is to further develop this technology and combine it with artificial intelligence tools to determine the malignancy of a biological sample in less than three hours, and at a cost of no more than €50 per sample.”